Mr Pake

5. Assessment DRAFT VERSION – AWAITING EXTERNAL EXAMINER APPROVAL Assessment will be confirmed by the end of teaching week 3 5. 1 Assessment task This module is assessed by means of an assignment of no more than 3,000 words. There are three parts to the assignment. You must complete all three parts. Your assignment must be submitted in a sans serif font no smaller than 12 points. Line spacing should be 1. 5 or double. Your completed assignment must be completed and submitted by Friday 26th April, 2013. See Section 5. 2 for details of submission. Section 5. gives some further guidance on the assignment tasks. Written assignments must not exceed the specified maximum number of words. All assignments that do so will be penalised. The penalty is at the discretion of the marker, but will certainly result in a reduction of the mark awarded. Part 1 (20% of overall mark) In 500 words or fewer, answer a question of your choice which requires you to use a microeconomic principle, or pri nciples, discussed in the module. This question should involve a pattern of events or behaviour that you personally have observed.The issue you address need not be one traditionally analysed using economics, but your work should be an original application of economic logic and reasoning to something which interests you. Examples of issues students elsewhere have addressed are: 1. Why do brides spend so much money on wedding dresses, whereas grooms often rent cheap tuxedos, even though grooms could potentially wear their tuxedos on many other occasions and brides will never wear their dresses again? 2. Why are child safety seats required in cars but not in airplanes? 3.Why are round-trip fares from Hawaii to the US mainland higher than the corresponding fares from the US mainland to Hawaii? 4. Why do airlines charge much more for tickets purchased at the last minute, yet theatres follow exactly the opposite practice? 5. Why do many people buy larger houses when they retire and their own children leave home? Your question and the issue you address does not need to be important or worthy, but try to begin with an interesting question. You should check with your seminar tutor that the question you wish to address is suitable.The most successful answers begin with a really interesting question (one that makes the reader instantly curious to learn the answer) and then use an economic principle or principles to construct a plausible answer. You do not have to provide a complete solution to the question – the key is to apply economic principles to achieve an insight into the issue. It should be written as if to a friend or relative who has never taken a course in economics. It must be clearly understood by such a person. It does not need diagrams or mathematics. It should not be heavily laden with economic jargon or terminology.You do not need to include references (since it is an original application of principles). Nor are you expected to do extensive researc h in support of your argument, although a relevant fact or two might help convince yourself and others that you are on the right track. Part 2 (40% of overall mark) Answer all five questions below in 1250 words or fewer. The questions carry equal marks. a) Explain why perfectly competitive markets lead to an allocatively efficient allocation of resources in the long run. (8%) b) Explain why free markets will under-produce goods with positive externalities (e. g. accinations against infectious diseases). Briefly suggest how government might intervene to correct this under-provision? (8%) c) The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the official measure of inflation in the United Kingdom. Why might CPI not be an accurate measure of the costs of living for any given individual consumer? (8%) d) Explain why a ? 1m increase in net exports might increase the equilibrium output of an economy by more than ? 1m. e) If an economy is initially operating at its potential output, explain the short- and longrun consequences of a permanent increase in government spending. 8%) Part 3 (40% of overall mark) Figure 1 below shows the world price of copper for each month over the period 2004-2011. From a price of $2424 in January 2004 it rose to a high of $8046 in May 2008. It then fell rapidly to reach $3072 in December 2008 before rising again. In an essay of 1250 words or fewer, use economic analysis to explain the changes seen in the price of copper over this period and why there were such large fluctuations in price. Figure 1: The monthly world price of copper 01 January 2004 to 31 December 2011

Essay About Effect Of Pollution Essay

Earth, a beautiful planet fill with various animals and plants. Clean air for living things to breath and an amazing assortment of nature for all to share. It is our responsibility to pass down this gift of nature intact to the future generation. We should take care of the environment by not polluting it. Clean technologies should be utilised to improve better living and not pollute the Earth. The common pollution that we see everyday is air, land and water pollution. Water pollution is caused by chemicals and water that were dumped into the river, lake and sea. The polluted water will slowly kills all the fishes, plants and animals which drinks the water. Eventually, human will be affected too as there won’t be clean water to drink and fishes or sea food as food. Humans can also get diseases from contaminated water or seafood that comes from polluted water. Gases and chemicals released by factories and cars will eventually produced acid rain. The acidic rain causes buildings to decay, damages trees and many other human-made structures. Air pollution will also cause breathing difficulties in humans, lung cancer and worsen asthma. Deforestation due to the rapid increase of population and industrialization will seriously damage Earth. By excessive cutting of trees, the earth will slowly lose its cover which leads to soil erosion, worsening greenhouse effect and global warming. We should all wake up and realised that we need to pollute less and take care of mother nature, otherwise it will be too late to save the environment.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 3

August 21, 1864 I can't stop thinking about her. I will not even write her name; I daren't. She is beautiful, entrancing, singular. When I'm with Rosalyn, I am Giuseppe's son, the Salvatore boy, essentially interchangeable with Damon. I know it would not matter one whit to the Cartwrights if Damon took my place. It is only me because Father knew Damon would not stand for it, knew I would say yes, just like always. But when I saw her, her lithe figure, her red lips, her eyes that were flickering and sad and thrilling all at once †¦ it was as though I was finally just myself, just Stefan Salvatore. I must be strong. I must treat her like a sister. I must fall in love with the woman who is to be my wife. But I fear it is already too late†¦. Rosalyn Salvatore, I thought to myself the next day, tasting the words as I walked out the door, ready to fulfill my duty by paying a second call on my soon-to-be-betrothed. I imagined living with Rosalyn in the carriage house–or perhaps some smaller mansion my father would build as our wedding present–me working all day, poring through ledgers with my father in his stuffy study, while she took care of our children. I tried to feel excitement. But all I felt was cold dread seeping through my veins. I walked around the grand path of Veritas and gazed wistfully up at the carriage house. I hadn't seen Katherine since she arrived yesterday afternoon. Father had dispatched Alfred to invite her to supper, but she'd declined. I'd spent the evening looking out the window toward the house, but I couldn't see any flicker of candlelight. If I hadn't known she and Emily had moved in, I'd have assumed the house had remained unoccupied. Finally, I went to sleep, wondering the whole time what Katherine was doing and whether she needed comforting. I tore my eyes away from the drawn upstairs shades and trudged down the driveway. The dirt road under my feet was hard and cracked; we needed a good rainstorm. There was no breeze, and the air felt dead. There wasn't another person outside as far as the eye could see, yet as I walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on end, and I got the uneasy feeling that I wasn't alone. Unbidden, Robert's warnings about walking off on my own floated through my mind. â€Å"Hello?† I called out as I turned around. I started. Standing just a few feet behind me, leaning against one of the angel statues that flanked the drive, was Katherine. She wore a white sunbonnet that protected her ivory skin and a white dress dotted with tiny rosebuds. Despite the heat, her fair skin looked as cool as the pond on a December morning. She smiled at me, displaying perfectly straight, white teeth. â€Å"I had hoped for a tour of the grounds, but it seems you are otherwise engaged.† My heart pounded at the word â€Å"engaged,† the ring box in my back pocket as heavy as a branding iron. â€Å"I'm not †¦ no. I mean,† I stammered, â€Å"I could stay.† â€Å"Nonsense.† Katherine shook her head. â€Å"I already am taking lodging from you and your father. I will not take your time as well.† She raised a dark eyebrow at me. Never before had I spoken with a girl who seemed so at ease and sure of herself. I felt the sudden, overwhelming urge to whip the ring from my pocket and offer it to Katherine on one knee. But then I thought of Father and forced my hand to stay put. â€Å"May I at least walk with you for a bit?† Katherine asked, swinging her sun umbrella back and forth. Companionably, we walked down the road. I kept glancing to my left and right, wondering why she didn't seem nervous to walk, unaccompanied, with a man. Perhaps it was because she was an orphan and so utterly alone in the world. Whatever the reason, I was grateful for it. A light wind blew around us, and I inhaled her lemony ginger scent, feeling as though I could die of happiness, right there, next to Katherine. Simply being near her was a reminder that beauty and love did exist in the world, even if I couldn't have them. â€Å"I think I shall call you Silent Stefan,† Katherine said as we walked through the cluster of oaks that marked the line between the village of Mystic Falls and the outlying plantations and estates. â€Å"I'm sorry †¦,† I started, fearing that I was as dull to her as Rosalyn was to me. â€Å"It's simply that we don't get very many strangers in Mystic Falls. It's difficult to speak to someone who doesn't know my whole history. I suppose I don't want to bore you. After Atlanta, I'm sure you find Mystic Falls a bit quiet.† I felt mortified as soon as the sentence left my lips. Her parents had died in Atlanta, and here I was, making it sound like she'd left some exciting life to live here. I cleared my throat. â€Å"I mean, not that you had found Atlanta exciting, or that you wouldn't enjoy getting away exciting, or that you wouldn't enjoy getting away from everything.† Katherine smiled. â€Å"Thank you, Stefan. That's sweet.† Her tone made it clear she didn't want to delve into the topic any further. We walked in silence for a few long moments. I kept my stride deliberately short so Katherine could keep up. Then, whether by accident or by design I'm not sure, Katherine's fingers brushed against my arm. They were cold as ice, even in the humid air. â€Å"Just so you know,† she said, â€Å"I don't find anything about you boring.† My entire body flamed hot as a conflagration. I glanced up the road, as if trying to ascertain the best route for us to follow, though really I was hiding my blush from Katherine. I felt the weight of the ring in my pocket again, heavier than ever. I turned to face Katherine, to say what, I'm not even sure. But she was no longer by my side. â€Å"Katherine?† I called, shielding my eyes against the sun, waiting for her lilting laugh to rise up in the underbrush along the road. But all I heard was the echo of my own voice. She had vanished.

The Codex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Codex - Essay Example By describing brief history of different codices, an attempt has been made to highlight the importance of codex history. Such history will not only provide a better understanding of past work but it will also provide an understanding of the development of ideas as well as a base for future research. Today’s physical form of the book took a series of severe changes of about 5000 years. However, its most popular format has been in the shape of codex i.e. a collection of bounded and covered pages. Just after few hundred years of its creation, the codex book gained a distinct domination over the past well-liked format of papyrus scroll. One important factor that brought the supremacy of codex on scroll was the effective role of Christianity. Christian church took revolutionary steps to distinguish the writings of its holy books from the Jewish influence. They implemented several unique codex formats for its scriptures. Consequently, Christianity spread throughout the history and its codex formats as well. The Romans civilization is considered as the pioneer that used the codices (plural of codex) as personal notebooks e.g. their use in the form of mail etc. For this purpose they used wax-covered pills of wood and stylus. These codices were ephemeral and informal because after using once, they were washed out for their use again. In the history, the first occurrence of the use of the codex is the later part of 1st century when The Romans used the codex for the circulation of educational works. At that time, literary works were carried out through scrolls media which remained dominantly effective till the 4th century. Later on Chinese remained in practice in using of scroll for their literary purposes. Christians also widely used the papyrus codex during 2nd century. Evidences revealed that the most primitive surviving fragments from codices came from Egypt during the 1st and 2nd century (Turner, 1977 and Roberts & Skeat, 1983). An example of egypt

Empowerment in health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empowerment in health Promotion - Essay Example In most cases, empowerment is usually associated with feminism. These affected persons may be empowered on individual or community levels (Lee 22). Therefore, the person intending to empower either individual or the community must initiate the process by identifying the groups affected and then evaluating the nature of the discrimination involved. Individual empowerment is equally empowering a community since the empowered individual will reflect the same change initiated in the same community thereby affecting the entire community, group, or society. Empowerment often aims at enhancing an individual’s capacity to transform and make an informed choice on the already available choices towards a desired action to effect an appropriate outcome (Linhorst 51). The universal aim of individual empowerment is to initiate an action or process that builds an individual and his collective assets towards improving fairness and efficiency of institutional and organizational contexts that govern the use of the targeted assets (Minkler 59). In healthcare institutions, integrative medicine practitioners often empower individuals to take actives roles towards their own their health care as well as the ultimate decision makers. Moreover, they also encourage their patients to be responsible towards maintaining their individual health. Numerous health care agencies advocate for patient centered health care provision. For instance, according to the National Academy of Science, patients should be given adequate and necessary information as an opportunity for them to exercise a degree of control on their health care decisions. It further argues that health care systems should readily accommodate the differences in the patients’ preferences and encouraging shared decision making among the patients (Linhorst 72). Additionally, patients should be allowed access to their unfettered medical information and clinical knowledge.

Resort Maps - Business Acquisition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resort Maps - Business Acquisition - Case Study Example In addition, the background research reveals other issues, for example, the transfer fee of $5,000 to the franchisor, human resources, customer payments, business risks, and mode of ownership which will help in making the decision. Question B I would use the net present value methodology to determine the valuation for Breckenridge business. This is because the net present value methodology is helpful in assessing the success of the business. The net present value methodology will illustrate the definite change in the value of Breckenridge business as a consequence of taking on the business. This means that approximating the current value of Breckenridge business and anticipated profits from Breckenridge business I can evenly evaluate the financial outlook of the business and a sensible decision can be reached as to whether business will be profitable to consider pursuing. I would not need to carry out further research. There are several ways I would go about when preparing to make an offer. One, I would see a business broker. A business broker will give sound advice regarding the transaction. Two, I would talk to the clients of the business to get a feeling of the business. Three, I would talk to the owners to gain more information about the business and the reasons for selling. Finally, I would make an offer while negotiating the most suitable deal. Question C I would be willing to invest $130,000 to purchase the Breckenridge business. My basis for this decision is that there will be an extra $5,000 which will be charged to act as franchise fee payable to the franchisor upon the sale of the business, per the terms of the franchise agreement. This will also be close to the stated price of $150,000. Nonetheless, that price is fair as I will not be guaranteed that the business will enhance the price of advertising, consequently, adding more money to the bottom line. There are two conditions which I would place on the deal. One, I would demand for compensation if the level of customer satisfaction does not lead to a rise in price of advertising by $100 per space, adding more than $10,000 to the bottom line as projected. Two, the owners should offer adequate information regarding the marketplace status so as to help cement the business’ position. Question D My first offer would be $120,000. My rationale for that number is that despite the extraordinary customer satisfaction and anticipated related increase in the price of advertising, the cost of functioning over the years may have gone up and the prices of competitors may have gone down, increasing expenditure and lessening earnings. There should be significant flexibility in the negotiations. This will help in the continuous evaluation of what may be attained and what may not be workable. Also, the negotiations will have different environments and different individuals, hence the need for flexibility. Question E I would finance the acquisition in several ways. First, I would use fami ly. Family members may provide or loan the entire amount or down payment that is required. Second, I would use the SBA, via its official lenders who offer business acquisition loans. Finally, I would utilize personal funds, for example, cash savings or other investments. I would personally invest $80,000. I would not consider joining up with an investor or

Management Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Interview - Research Paper Example Lloyd responded that management, according to him, is about administering the day to day functioning of the firm. This might include developing newer business plans, preparing budgets, and observing day to day functions. One the other hand, he believes that leadership means to guide in a particular direction. In other words, according to him, leadership is the relationship that the leader develops with the followers in order to energize them to take up the required changes. In order to make his statements more digestible, Mr. Lloyd offered an explanation. According to him, if his subordinates follow his orders because they have to do so according to the company rules, he is just a manger. On the other hand, if his subordinates are eager to hear to him and to follow him, or if he can bring in a change in his organization without the support of an order from the above, he is a leader. Similarly, Mr. Mark was of the opinion that subordinates follow leaders out of emotions. He says a lea der invokes various emotions in employees ranging from hope, fear, respect, and happiness and so on. According to him, while managers rule out of regulations, leaders rule out of aesthetic sense developed in subordinates. He pointed out the difference between his managerial and leadership roles. As a manger, there is planning, budgeting, evaluating, and facilitating functions. At the same time, as a leader, he identifies talents in various employees, utilize various ways of motivation including rewards, reason, and relationships, resorts to coaching to ensure that the employees remain motivated and convinced, and finally build trust so that implementation of various strategies are met with less criticism and doubt. When Mr. Mark was asked as to what are certain similarities between both, he was able to identify certain important similarities between them. The first one is that both management and leadership aim to achieve certain goals. According to him, the second similarity can be found in the fact that both management and leadership require subordinates to achieve the goals by motivating employees. The last point he could identify was that both leadership and management are ways to link the top management and subordinates. Then the question turned towards the management and leadership style Mr. Lloyd has adopted in his organization. It was surprising to note here that he believed in a combination of autocratic and paternalistic leadership styles. He pointed out the fact that though democratic approach can be much better in an organization where the manager would be able to discuss and decide the future course of action, in such a multinational organization which is highly centralized in nature where all the decisions come from the above, he does not have much room for practicing democratic way of leadership. In such cases, manager only acts as a supervisor to see that the changes are implemented, and there is no provision to discuss with the employees and t o get their opinions on the implementation. When I asked the question if he could not adopt bureaucratic approach instead, his reply was that this could make his position vulnerable as there is the chance of the staff challenging his authority. My next question was regarding certain organization development interventions Mr. Mark uses as a part of his OD role. The response was that he has incorporated survey feedback, sensitivity training, team building, and management objectives as ways of

International business and policy assignment Essay

International business and policy assignment - Essay Example Shell’s multinational marketing strategy can be assessed using the framework proposed by Johny Johansson in his book Global Marketing, which is comprised of three roles: the foreign entry role; the local marketing abroad role; and the global management role. For a multinational company like Shell, which operates in a number of countries across the globe, the framework provides essential insights into analysing its operations. In order to analyse its strategy, it is crucial to first analyse the environment in which shell operates in, and see if the difference in performance is attributed to the strategy itself, or to the strategy’s inappropriateness in relation to its environment. What shapes the behavior of a business is the degree of uncertainty in its environment. In order to assess the degree of uncertainty, it is important for us to note the key dimensions that define an organization’s environment. As Stephen Robbins (2005, pp.443-444) illustrated in his book Organizational Behavior, there are three dimensions to the environment of any business, namely capacity, volatility and complexity. Using this framework, we try to assess the environment in which the company currently operates in. The environment plays a huge impact in crafting strategy and strategic management decisions an organization makes. The strategy depends on the dimensions of the environment where it operates in, as mentioned earlier, which depends on the overall objectives of an organization. This strategy should be supported by a different structure that would carry on the fulfillment of various responsibilities and tasks to achieve the organization’s objectives. However, in implementing a chosen strategy which requires restructuring within an organization, various strategic human resource management issues should be addressed. In the case of Shell, where the recommended strategies are to promote

Your Death Would Be Mine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Death Would Be Mine - Essay Example The book offers a glimpse into French life and times, and also reveals how the character of rural France was changed forever. One of the most important details the book looks at is the, altering of the bucolic rural lifestyle. The war claimed the lives of the men who tilled the land, and the women were alone to manage the family farm, and look after the children, as in the case of Marie, a sick infant. In France, the military is seen more as a â€Å"social and political institution† (Bell & Marta) and stories dealing with time of war, concern themselves more with the changes wrought by war in the social sphere, than its military operations. The Great War as WWI is at times known, as a catastrophe of unimaginable proportion, leaving behind in its wake a decimated population, an economy in shambles and all around misery for the general populace. Yet, the French soldiered on towards victory, which research has proved, was not so much the result of military accomplishments, but the tenacity and stoicism of the ordinary French civilians (Marta & Bell). Paul and Marie, were a young newlywed, peasant couple who lived in the southwest of France during World War I. Ever sincethen, Paul had to stay away from home since he had to serve in the army from 1914 to 1919. Martha Hanna paints a vivid picture revealing a very powerful and personal perspective of the devastating war. Hundreds of letters exchanged between the couple, helped both the combatants and civilians experience a sort of emotional commitment, which brought untold misery and pain suffered due to the absence of their loved ones. While Paul vividly narrated with great intensity and poetic clarity, about the atrocities and brutality of war and its impact on them by way of fatigue and their dietary needs, Marie enumerated about the difficulty of working on the family farm why looking after the sick infant at home. She

Management research SPSS data analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management research SPSS data analysis - Essay Example The results show that the satisfaction mean is higher than the commitment mean as shown in table 1. This means that on average employees of SCP are more satisfied than committed. Results on reliability of items in each scale show that items in both satisfaction and commitment are highly reliable (Alpha=0.953 & 0.965) respectively. Table 1: Summary statistics for satisfaction and commitment Mean Standard deviation Cronbach's Alpha N of Items Satisfaction 43.276 13.231 0.953 10 Commitment 37.287 13.239 0.965 10 Examining the distribution of initial output Table 2, presents summary results of initial output and it can be noted that the average initial output is 2207.632 units per month with a very high variability. Figure 1 show the distribution of initial output and it looks approximately normal with one possible extreme value. A formal test for normality presented in table 3 show that the distribution of initial output is significantly normal (p-value=0.222). Table 2: Summary statisti cs of initial output Initial output Value Mean 2207.632 Median 2195 Mode 1925.00(a) Std. Deviation 280.7786 Skewness 0.253 Std. Error of Skewness 0.247 Kurtosis -0.09 Std. Error of Kurtosis 0.49 a Multiple modes exist, the smallest value is shown Figure 1: Distribution of initial output Table 3: Test for normality of initial output Tests of Normality                Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk    Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Initial output 0.052 95 .200 0.991 95 0.743 Possibility of outlying observation was checked and table 4 presents the five extreme z scores for initial output. None of the Z score is larger than 3.29 in absolute values so we can say that there are no outlying initial output values. However there is a Z score of 3.07 which might be of no harm to check the original dataset to confirm the true value (Field, 2009, p. 74). Table 4: Cases of extreme z scores for initial output Extreme Values          Case Number Value Z-score(initial outp ut) Highest 1 58 3.07135 2 74 1.89604 3 98 1.86043 4 7 1.75358 5 61 1.68235 Lowest 1 3 -2.1819 2 85 -1.91479 3 55 -1.91479 4 37 -1.59425       5 89 -1.52302 A one-sample t-test was conducted to examine if â€Å"initial output† significantly differs from the national average of 2300 units per month. The result was very significant (p-value=0.002) implying that the average initial output at SCP is significantly lower than the national average of 2300. Table 5: One sample T test One-Sample Test                Test Value = 2300 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Initial output -3.206 94 0.002 -92.3684 -149.566 -35.1709 Examining the distribution of final output The average final output was 2308.177 which is higher than the average for initial outcome presented in table 1. There is also high variability around this estimate. The distribution of final output as presented in figure 2 seems normal with two possible outlying observations. Z scores were used to assess outlying observations and the results show that there is one outlier (Z score=3.36675). Since I was unable to check if this outlier was as a result of data entry, I assumed it was not and it was replaced by the next highest score plus one. Table 6: Summary statistics for final output Final output Value Mean 2308.177 Median 2320 Mode 2120 Std.

Detroit Museum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Detroit Museum - Research Paper Example The longest day to visit the Museum is Friday when it remains open to visitors for full twelve hrs starting from 10am. I too visited it on Friday. DIA’s collection is among the largest art collections. The collection of DIA contains more than 60000 artworks from all over the world. The collection includes all sorts of works including cutting edge and classic work which enrich the perceptions of the visitors. In order to provide the visitors with an opportunity to spend quite some time in the DIA and gain a lot from the museum, DIA has built partnership with many hotels in the locality. The Museum Shop at DIA is full of wonderful accessories and gadgets. This is a place where visitors can find some of the extremely unique and fabulous accessories that are hard to find elsewhere. One of my most favorite pots that I purchased for $50 from the DIA Museum Shop is the Celadon Daisy Ginger Jar shown below: Celadon Daisy Ginger Jar at DIA Museum Shop (â€Å"Detroit Institute of Artsà ¢â‚¬ ). One of the popular exhibitions of the Detroit Museum is the zoo in which prints of animals are displayed which commenced on 23rd March this year. In the DIA collection, there are above 150 prints in total which comprise prints of peacocks, dolphins, and lizards.

Judgment and the Self Essay Example for Free

Judgment and the Self Essay What upsets people is not things themselves but their judgments about the things. For example, death is nothing dreadful (or else it would have appeared dreadful to Socrates), but instead the judgment about death that it is dreadful—that is what is dreadful. So when we are thwarted or upset or distressed, let us never blame someone [or something] else but rather ourselves, that is, our own judgments. † -Epictetus To say dread is an interior phenomenon is to tread toward tautology, dread wrenches your innards. Here however, there seems to be something to the echo of Epictetus. Of course the crux lies in the gap that opens this passage, the gap between things and our judgments of them or, perhaps more pointedly, in the locality of judgment. This distinction already clarifies some ground of Epictetus’ standing. He is not a materialist for judgments hold the higher weight. The term ‘judgment’ is a tricky point in the exegesis. If it stands for appearance in the sense of a person’s particular appropriation of sense-data or some basic form of interacting in the world, we are in a more limited position in controlling our ‘judgments’. If it stands for opinion we have some more flexibility. If we limit ourselves to the example of the passage Epictetus is shown to be speaking in the latter sense at the level of opinions and events which are already complex entities of consciousness. This would follow the philanthropic drive of Socratic philosophy which Epictetus evokes. His position is nearly stoic; while he does not occlude the passions (â€Å"When we are thwarted or upset or distressed†) he does rein them in under self control. For Epictetus this takes a very rational form, indeed he nearly equates the self with the judgments it produces saying, â€Å"Ourselves, that is, our own judgments. † His argument follows from his position. The events that will overtake you in life are simply as they are (we hear this in the other passage of his). One is cast into the world but the impact of events can be determined by the subject. It is ones own responsibility how one responds to life situations. It is important in the analysis of Epictetus’ argument to display it properly. Looking at it in syllogistic form we find a fault line. Firstly, we note that Epictetus does not give us an overt syllogism. What we have is simply a premise and a conclusion. There is an implied major premise that would have the syllogism read as such: a) All judgments are the responsibility of the subject. b) judgments upset people not things. c) when one is upset, they are to blame. It is this major premise that does not sit well today. The question is whether we are in control of our judgments. After Kierkegaard, can we really be confident in our ability to think away dread? I would use example as ‘dread’ is one translation of the Danish ‘angest’ on which Kierkegaard wrote his important, Concept of Anxiety. Now for Kierkegaard anxiety opens up the capacity for a response in a way that could please Epictetus but the crucial difference is that it is precisely in being moved, in being upset, the one is prompted to decide. Or, as Kierkegaard writes analogously in a later work, â€Å"The possibility of this sickness [despair] is man’s advantage over the beast. What amounts to ascent in the case of despair is not being in it†(Kierkegaard, 1989, p. 44-45). This Kierkegaardian understanding of pre-existing trouble rings truer. The trick here is not to lose this issue in esoteric matters. Unfortunately the example used by Epictetus doesn’t translate well into analogues. Firstly because death is a experience about which we can only form a prejudgment (providing that we understand death in terms of Epictetus’ world where death does not include a possibility of resuscitation). Secondly, because a fear of death seems to be universal. The maxim that â€Å"all of life is but a preparation for death† points to this universality. In order to sidestep some of these difficulties for the heart of the issue it is necessary to construct a new example. This will be given later on for the purpose of explicating my position. I am inclined to agree not only with the Kierkegaardian position of having a disposition toward unease but relatedly that the self is a construct. The self qua self awakens, and this sort of phenomenon can even be seen by the dull-mindedness of developmental psychology. The example is that of a child’s judgment. They slavishly follow their impulses toward sweets, for example. They will take them until they are trained to control themselves. Even in this elementary scenario we can see that the judgment precedes the self. As such the self cannot be in control of the self. This way of framing the discussion could set up my position as Einsteinian to Newtonian physics. Newtonian physics are not proven wrong, but shown to cover a certain domain. The field of Epictetus is that of an already developed self higher in capacity for self-discipline. This discipline is also the locus of value for this passage for it could be read to suggest that a certain sort of person (or a sufficiently developed person to be less exclusive) can begin engineering their own judgments. In this way one can prevent oneself from becoming upset. This is a eudemonic ideal that could be manifest in the Epictetus though the passage does not give us quite enough to warrant that judgment on its own. In the end it could be argued that Epictetus could agree with me if read a certain way (and with no further context in his work), though given his stoic background I am disinclined to this view. Moreover, whether or not he holds this view is of secondary importance. The degree to which he and I agree depends on whether in telling us to blame only ourselves he is prompting us to construct a better self or merely to delineate where the problem comes into play. Doubtless he would endorse self refinement but it his intent in this passage is the crucial matter. Beyond that there is only the hurdle that he believes judgment is quite self-possessed where I see the self as constructed in dialogue with many influences (culture, parenting, education, etc) which do much of one’s judging especially in earlier stages of development. It is the only hurdle but that is still a sizable leap. References Kierkegaard, Soren. (1989). The Sickness Unto Death. (Alastair Hannay Trans. ). New York: Penguin Books USA Inc.. (Original work published 1849).

International Human Rights Norms

International Human Rights Norms We live in a constantly changing and evolving world. The remarkable advances in the biotechnology, telecommunications and transportation in addition to the emergence of new regional political alliances and the increasing integration of the markets have led to unprecedented demographic shifts. As a result of all this factors, which we can be defined as globalisation, previously isolated peoples were being brought together either voluntarily or involuntarily. This confluence of peoples and cultures led to the so called pluralism, which is the diversity of views and perceptions of certain ideas and concepts in contrast to a single approach or way of interpretation. One of those concepts which have been a subject of a huge international debate and scrutiny is the concept of human rights. As defined by Donnelly human rights are those that protect those things that are necessary for a life of dignity or for a richer and more fully human life.  [1]  One of the main ideologies of human rights on a national scale is cultural relativism. People who support the idea of cultural relativism think that most (or some) human rights depend on the cultural context since they are encoded in the particular culture and therefore when implementing international human rights standards we should take into account states particular culture. In this essay, I will argue in favour of neither of the two theories but rather in support of a third one relative universality. Arguments in favour of cultural relativism Firstly, I will begin with examining the cultural relativists arguments. The term culture is often used loosely by advocates of both universalism and cultural relativism, so let me clarify its meaning. A good definition of culture is the one proposed by Reidel a set of shared meanings, norms, and practices that form a comprehensive world view that serves to unite a group and contribute to the identity of its members.  [2]  There are two most essentialized concepts of culture culture as tradition and culture as essence.  [3]  Cultural relativism is a theory established by the anthropologist Franz Boas. Elvin Hatch says that Boasian relativism implies that principle of right and wrong do have some validity, but a very limited one, for they are legitimate only for the members of the society in which they are found.  [4]  According to the Boasian relativism we should not be indifferent towards other ways of life and we should respect and approve them. The most prominent arg ument in favour of cultural relativism is that it preserves the autonomy and the self-determination of a state and its citizens. Another argument is the research argument, namely, that the researches show that different cultures have different views on morality and therefore different views on human rights. Consequently, since the different states interpret human rights in a different way international human rights standards cannot be achieved and human rights should rather be interpreted in the context of the culture of the particular state. Furthermore, cultural relativism is supported by the tolerance argument which states that each country should be tolerant towards other countries and their culture. A fourth argument in favour of cultural relativism is the one given by Abdullahi An-Naim. He argues that there are states such as most of the African and Asian countries which did not actually participate in the formulation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948  [5]  and even though they did participate in the formulation of the subsequent instruments they did so on the basis of an establish framework and philosophical assumptions adopted in their absence.  [6]  Harris-Short adds to this argument by saying that it is only the state that agreed on the terms of the international treaties and not states individuals. Therefore, international human rights are illegitimate since the consent of the internal population of a state is not present.  [7]  Another argument given by cultural relativists is that if we assume that human rights are universal this would make democracy dangerous since with the rise of international policies which are determined by normative claims of ethics and morality, it would be the Western elites and not the minorities which will lead.  [8]  A huge adherent to the cultural relativism theory is the American Anthropological Association, which in its submission to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 194 7, argues that culture plays a vital role in ones life from the moment of his birth and it shapes not only his behaviour but also his thoughts and aspirations.  [9]   Arguments against cultural relativism A strong argument against cultural relativism is the one given by John Tilley. He says that cultural relativism as a theory lacks the support needed in order to become the dominant human rights theory.  [10]  He also argues that no consensus exists among relativists about how best to defend their thesis (some prefer the tolerance argument, others the research argument, and so on) or even about how to define it.  [11]  Another argument is that cultural relativism is often used as a justification of malpractices. As Donnelly says, cultural relativism is all too often a mere cloak for self-interest or arbitrary rule.  [12]  He uses examples of powerful people in the past such as presidents of countries and their deeds in order to illustrate how cultural relativism can actually be used as a justification for bad purposes.  [13]  A further argument is that cultural relativists consider culture as something unchangeable and static. According to Tracy Higgins, cultural rela tivist arguments oversimplify the complexity and fidelity of culture by treating culture as monolithic and moral norms within a particular culture as readily ascertainable.  [14]  Instead, culture should be seen as dynamic and constantly evolving. One of the biggest groups of people all over the world, who are opposed to the idea of cultural relativism are the feminists. They argue that culture is quite often unfairly used as a justification for denying women a range of basic human rights. The best example of such a case is the situation in the Muslim countries where verse 4:34 of the Quran says that men are entitled to exercise authority over women and not the reverse. Using this statute as a justification, men in these countries treat women unequally and this is certainly a violation of the international human rights standards enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Art 2 which states, Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.  [15]   Furthermore, the unequal treatment of women is also a breach of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 Art 3  [16]  and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 Art 3  [17]  both of which aim to ensure that women are treated equally in the enjoyment of the rights enshrined in them. Feminists also condemn the female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting. It is a common practice for the African countries but also for some parts of the Middle East, Europe and North-America. People who practice female genital mutilation consider it as inalienable part of their culture. They think that it actually has a beneficial effect on the woman and they justify its use by saying that it is in accord with their culture. However, it is obviously in breach of international human rights standards and organizations such as UNICEF and UNFPA strongly condemn it as being medically unproven and discriminat ory. Arguments in favour of relative universality Even though there are many arguments supporting cultural relativism it is not effective enough because of its many disadvantages I have listed above. Neither is universalism due to the fact that there are many states with different cultures and local practices for who it will be extremely hard and quite improbable to embrace the international human rights movement in case the rights proposed by it have a universal dimension. There is a more flexible and developed approach to human rights called relative universality. It is a mixture between universalism and relativism that views human rights as prima facie universal, but recognizes culture as a limited source of exceptions and principles of interpretation.  [18]  The principle of relative universality of human rights which can also be defined as weak cultural relativism has been developed by Jack Donnelly. He argues that there are three hierarchical levels of variation which can be distinguished, involving cultural relativity in the substance of lists of human rights, in the interpretation of individual rights, and in the form in which particular rights are implemented.  [19]  This means that the more particular and narrow a certain human right is the more it allows for different interpretations based on states cultural practices and beliefs. Relative universality means a weak cultural relativism which differs from the normal and most common concept of cultural relativism by the fact that it only allows limited rather than unlimited deviations from international human rights standards.  [20]  His idea of the relative universality of human rights Donnelly supports through his observations on 4 different factors functional universality, international legal universality, overlapping consensus universality and ontological universality.  [21]  Lets define all these terms. Firstly, functional universality lies on the fact that the function of human rights is the same all over the world, namely, to pr ovide people with attractive remedies for some of the most pressing systemic threats to human dignity.  [22]  Secondly, international legal universality is based on the idea that almost every state in the world has accepted the authority of the international human rights which roughly means the rights enshrined in the UDHR 1948 and the consequent six core international human rights treaties (on civil and political rights, economic, social, and cultural rights, racial discrimination, women, torture, and children).  [23]  Thirdly, the overlapping consensus universality is explained through the idea that throughout the past couple of decades more and more adherents of different doctrines all over the world start to endorse the human rights movement voluntarily.  [24]  Last but not least, Donnelly discusses the ontological universality and comes to the conclusion that from an ontological point of view people cannot have fully universal human rights since all prominent compre hensive doctrines ignore or actively denied human rights for large parts of their history.  [25]  By defending functional, legal international and overlapping consensus universality and insisting that the anthropological universality of human rights is indefensible, Donnelly comes to the conclusion that it is inappropriate to talk neither for the cultural relativism of human rights nor for their universality but rather for their relative universality. He develops the most comprehensive and flexible approach towards human rights which not only assumes that there are certain inalienable human rights such as the right to freedom from torture, the right to a fair trial, etc. , but also takes into consideration local cultural practices and beliefs in the implementation of international human rights standards. Relative universality of human rights allows the state to preserve at a certain extent its autonomy and sovereignty and also the self-determination of its citizens. This is illu strated by the two examples given by Donnelly. The first one is the example of the law of apostasy. The UDHR 1948 Art 18 declares that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. However, in the Muslim countries it is forbidden to change your religion. Donnelly argues that in this case, it should be permissible for Muslim countries, for example, to treat people who change their religion in a different way such as to deny them certain benefits as long as those are not guaranteed by the human rights.  [26]  In this case religion is so important for Muslim countries that not allowing them to punish people who change their religious views would be a strong intolerance towards them. The second example is use of hate speech in the USA. Its use is in breach of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 Article 4  [27]  and of the ICCPR 1968 Article 20(2). Nevertheless, the hate speech is permitted in the USA since people there consider the right of freedom of speech as being of a bigger importance than the right not to be a subject of a discriminatory and racial treatment. These two examples show that there are cases in which we should allow countries to interpret human rights in a way they find appropriate as long as it is not drastically in breach of the international human rights standards. There are people who disagree with the theory developed by Donnelly like Michael Goodhart. Even though Goodhart agrees with the substance of Donnellys argument, he argues that rather than the conceptual, functional and legal international universality of human rights we should pay attention to their inclusiveness, generality and variability, and the extent of concurrence on human rights concepts. Furthermore, he finds that instead of anthropological universality we should explore their metaphysical status. He thinks that it is not appropriate to define the international human rights standards as relatively universal and argues that the use of the term relative universality more confuses rather than brings clarity in our understanding of them.  [28]  Furthermore, he believes that rejecting the universality of human rights will boost their legitimacy since, as he says, it is not the universality of human rights which makes them legitimate but rather their global appeal, their promise of ending domination and oppression.  [29]  Even though Goodhart agrees with the substance of Donnellys argument, he argues that rather than the conceptual, functional and legal international universality of human rights we should pay attention to their inclusiveness, generality and variability, and the extent of concurrence on human rights concepts. Furthermore, he finds that instead of anthropological universality we should explore their metaphysical status.  [30]  However, in his subsequent article, in response to Goodhart, Donnelly defends his arguments quite well. He says that th e abolition of the ordinary language of interpretation of human rights including the terms relativism and universalism and the adoption of new terms on their place are quite unlikely to happen since it will take too much time for the new terms to penetrate.  [31]  Despite the critique from Goodhart, Donnellys approach to human rights standards is the most convincing one developed so far. Globally, we have seen many cases such as Sahin v. Turkey,  [32]  Goldman v Weinberger  [33]  and Multani v. Commission Scolaire Marguerite  [34]  in which people were denied rights which for them are intrinsic part of their culture. The international human rights movement should not rush the process of creating and implementing international human rights standards. These standards should rather be achieved with caution and patience. According to Gunning, it is essential for this process to include a dialogue with a tone that respects the cultural diversity since only through a dial ogue of that kind the world can reach a consensus on human rights standards which would take into account all the differences in their cultural practices and beliefs.  [35]  Ibrawoh adds to this idea by saying that, the promotion of national human rights standards against the background of the dominant cultural and social traditions in the state should be done with due respect to meritorious cultural values and traditions of local communities.  [36]   For example, if we want to incorporate international human rights standards into Muslim countries we should try to do it within the framework of Islam in order to succeed.  [37]  Hatch suggest that instead of leaving cultures as they are, as museum pieces, we should help to bring about change, or better, we should help the oppressed to bring about change.  [38]  He argues that actually the more developed states are those who do not want the less developed to adopt and endorse the international human rights standards since they want to keep the status quo. This idea is supported by Higgins who suggests that actually the Western states and the liberal scholars and not the oppressed are those who advance the point that there can be no fully universal concept of human rights since we need to take into account the difference between the various cultures of the states.  [39]   Conclusion Taking into account all the arguments listed above, we can conclude that Donnellys relative universality theory of human rights is the most effective and comprehensive human rights approach so far. It promotes the idea that human rights should be neither fully universal nor fully relative but rather relatively universal and that states are allowed to occasional and strictly limited local variations and exceptions based on local cultural practices and beliefs in implementing international human rights standards. Word Count: 2748

Strains of ESBL Producing E. Coli | Investigation

Strains of ESBL Producing E. Coli | Investigation Introduction Background of Study Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamases (ESBL) are beta lactamases which are mainly produced by family members of Enterobacteriaceae derived from mutations of the previous broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (Sharma et al., 2010). This enzyme works by hydrolysing and destroying the ÃŽ ²- Lactam ring of all cephalosporins, penicillins and monobactams (Sharma et al., 2010). In recent years, the emergence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli has posed a very serious problem to the management of diseases caused by this organism as only limited choice antibiotics can be given to patients. Carbapenems are the drugs of choice for the treatment of ESBL producing E.coli, however, carbapenamase resistance has recently been reported (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005). Prolonged use of antibiotics was suggested as the main cause of the emergence of ESBL E.coli and the fact that the genes coding for ESBLs are easily transferred from one organism to another organism via conjugation, transduction and transformation ma ke the spread even quicker (Vaidya et al., 2011). ESBL producing organisms were first reported from a patient in Germany in 1983 and since then , several outbreaks have been reported worldwide usually one particular â€Å"super† strain has been involved presumably combining not only the capability to produce ESBLs but also possessing various other virulence factors that contribute to their pathogenic success. (Harada et al., 2013). These pathogenic ESBL producing Escherichia coli in recent years have become a major concern and their emergence is now become alarming in clinical fields and subjected to comprehensive studies worldwide. The most common infections caused by pathogenic ESBL producing E.coli are urinary tract infections (UTI), bloodstream infections, gastrointestinal infections (Fatima et al., 2012; Bekat et al., 2002). According to Petty et al., (2013), globally, E.coli sequence type ST131 is the multidrug resistant clone strain which is responsible for ESBL CTX-M15 bearing genes, and it is the most alarming pathogenic ESBL producing E.coli associated in causing UTIs and septicaemia in hospital community acquired infections. ? in UK or worldwide? As genes coding for ESBL in Escherichia coli are known to be transferable this raises further fear of the spread of these genes to other strains, continuous monitoring of the predominant strains of E.coli which carry the ESBL genes is therefore important. Problem statement Studies of ESBL producing Escherichia coli in the South Manchester population have been carried out previously. This study will investigate strains of ESBL producing E. coli currently circulating in the Stockport Population of South Manchester and compare them to those delineated in the previous studies using a molecular typing and pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Objectives The objectives of the project are: Screen for ESBL Escherichia coli clinical isolates Identify strain using PFGE Assess the relatedness of the strains by PFGE analysis Determine Escherichia coli plasmid profile Identify Escherichia coli phylotyping group 1.0.4. Significance of study Finding from this study will contribute to the existing data and the body of knowledge on the molecular relationship of predominating of E.coli isolates from South Manchester populations. 1.0.5. Scope and Limitations There are no data on the antibiotics consumed by the patients in which the clinical isolates originates from. The availability of this data might help in understanding relationship between an exposures of certain antibiotics to the emergence of ESBL producing E.coli strain. PFGE also has several limitations in which the method assess visual relatedness of an isolates and not using a phylogeny relationship which provide more accurate molecular relationship between an isolates. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli is a motile gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, non- spore forming bacteria taxonomically belong to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is considered as a normal inhabitants of gut and intestine in almost all warm blooded mammals and found as a faecal contaminant in the environment (Brennan et al., 2010; Darnton et al., 2007; Diniz et al., 2005). Most varieties of E.coli are harmless and do in the most part contribute to the normal and healthy intestine condition, while a few cause limiting abdominal cramp associated with diarrhoea. However, there are some serotypes that becoming a major threat to the human health, because they have acquired certain genetic material and virulence factors which enabling them transformed into pathogenic E.coli causing broad spectrum of disease (Clarke et al., 2003; Kaper et al., 2004). Pathotypes of E.coli are classified by specific mechanism in which they causing a disease, presence of certain virulence genes and their clinical manifestations (Chang et al., 2004). Growth requirements E.coli are non- fastidious bacteria, thus it can be cultured in artificial media with various altered physical and nutritional growth factors. It can be isolated easily from clinical samples by culturing into culture media and incubated at optimum temperature of 37 ºC anaerobically or aerobically as it is a facultative organisms (Yunlin et al., 2004) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli According to Pitout et al., (2005) E. coli is a frequent cause of the urinary tract infections (UTIs) of a hospitalised and non- hospitalised patients. UTIs are usually self- limiting but untreated lower urinary tract infections such as simple cystitis (bladder infection) can lead to much more severe illness known as pyelonephritis (renal infections) mainly among adult women (James et al., 2011). Infections occur by ascending movement of E. coli up the periurethral area colonising the bladder or infections by movement down from the intestinal tract. Due to anatomical complexities in women, they are more prone to be diagnosed with UTIs for at least once in their lifetime (James et al., 2001) 1.3  Escherichia coli typing 1.3.1  Plasmid profiling Multidrug resistant bacteria including ESBL producing Escherichia coli acquire their resistance by various gene transfer mechanisms which include transformation, horizontal transfer either by transduction, and conjugation, transposon and most often, are plasmid mediated (Carattoli et al., 2005) Plasmids are an extra chromosomal fragments of self- replicating DNA present in most of the bacterial species. Plasmids contain genes that are an essential for the replication of genes that promotes resistance to agents such as antibiotics, ultraviolet radiation, metals and bacteriophages. 1.3.2  Pulse-field gel electrophoresis PFGE was developed and described first by Schwartz and Cantor (1984). It is a molecular technique of typing a bacteria especially pathogenic Escherichia coli 0157:H7, non 0157: H7, Salmonella serotypes, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. PFGE uses a gel electrophoresis- based technique that allows separation of large molecular weight DNA up to 2Mb- 10Mb using a standard PFGE method (CDC, 2013; Hansen et al., 2002; Vimonet et al., 2008) PFGE is different to conventional gel electrophoresis as the large genomic DNA is digested with restriction enzyme that recognise and cleave specific sequences of DNA known as restriction site in an organism to produce a multiple DNA fragments which differ in size of their molecular weight (Van der Ploeg et al., 1984). The fragments are then run through constant changing electric field of PFGE resulting in a formation of DNA at various discrete size bands. This typing method has also been shown to have more discriminating power and reproducibility between laboratories than the newer molecular typing method such as ribotyping and multi- locus sequence typing (MLST) which confer more on the global epidemiology and revolutionary relationship between bacterial species (Vimonet et al., 2008) 1.3.3.  Escherichia coli phylogenetic group 2.0  Materials and Methods 2.0.1  Bacterial Isolates Bacterial isolates used in this study were Escherichia coli clinical isolates which was collected from Stepping Hill Hospital. Isolates undergo an anonymisation numbering of 1 to 20. 2.0.2.  Bacteriological Media The media used in the study were a selective differential medium for UTI Escherichia coli which is Chromogenic agar and nutrient agar which was used as a medium for growth and maintenance of isolates. 2.0.3  Antibiotic disks Table 1: Antibiotic disks used in this study was obtained from Oxoid.Ltd. Antibiotics Antibiotic Group Gentamicin (10 µg) Aminoglycosides Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) Quinolone Amoxicillin (25 µg) Penicillin Cefpodozime (10 µg) Cephalosporin Mecillinam (10 µg) Beta lactam Trimetophrim (2.5 µg) Bacteriostatic ESBL Disk kit (Mast Diagnostics) 2.0.4  Buffers and solutions Tris Borate EDTA (TBE X1 and X0.5) (Sigma) pH 8.2 was used as a running buffer in agarose gel electrophoresis. 2.0.5  Commercial kits The commercial kit used in this study was QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen) and DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen) 2.1.  Screening for multidrug resistance and potential ESBL producers in Escherichia coli clinical isolates Antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli to six antibiotics (Table 1) were tested using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. A 24 hour cultures from Nutrient agar was used. Then, a single colony was taken and transferred into 5ml Mueller Hinton Broth. It was then incubated at 37 °C to develop a heavy suspension of overnight cultures. A sterile cotton swabs were used to streak onto the Mueller Hinton agar and the rotation were repeated for three times. A final sweep was made around the rim of the agar. The plates were allowed to dry for several minutes. Using antibiotic dispenser, the disk that has been impregnated with a fixed antibiotic concentration was placed on the surface of the agar surface. After 24hr of an incubation period, the plates were checked for the presence of inhibition zone. Each recorded inhibition zone was compared with antimicrobial susceptibility testing disc chart provided by The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC). The inhibition zon e of each antibiotic was reported as ‘sensitive’, ‘intermediate’ or ‘resistance’. Isolates showing resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics were considered as multidrug resistance (Falagas, 2007). ESBL producers were detected by testing sensitivity of isolates against a pair discs (cefpodoxime 10 µg and cefepime 10 µg) with and without clavulanic acid placed oppositely on an agar. According to manufacturer (Mast diagnostics), isolates were considered as an ESBL if there is a presence of 5mm larger inhibition zone in disks with clavulanic acid rather than the disks without the clavulanic acid. 2.2. Determination of plasmid profiles in MDR and ESBL Escherichia coli 2.2.1  Plasmid Extraction Prior to Plasmid DNA extraction, a fresh overnight cultures of E.coli after an incubation at 37 ºC in a Mueller Hinton broth were harvested. Plasmid DNA extraction was carried out using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Extracted plasmid DNA was stored at -20 ºC until use. 2.2.2  Detection of plasmid by agarose gel electrophoresis The profiles of the plasmid DNA was determined on a 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis which has been carried out at 70 Vcm-1 for 120 minutes. The size of DNA bands was estimated using Hyper ladder 1 (Bioline) as a reference molecular weights marker. The bands were visualized under UV transilluminator and photographed with digital camera connected to visualisation unit (Alpha Innotech) and the size of the plasmid were measured by visual comparison to the reference marker. 2.3  Escherichia coli pathotypes determination 2.3.1.  Genomic DNA extraction Primary cultures on the nutrient agar was inoculated into 3ml Mueller Hinton broth for 24 hours at 37 ºC. The cells was then harvested by centrifugation at 12, 000 for 3 minutes. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out using DNeasy Blood and Tissue (Qiagen) kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Final volume of 150 µl genomic DNA were collected and kept at -20 ºC until needed. 2.3.2  Multiplex PCR for Escherichia coli phylotyping PCR reaction mix preparation must be carried out on ice. PCR was performed in 0.2ml PCR tubes on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems ®) with a total 25 µl of reaction volume as described in Table 2 and PCR condition according to Table 3. The negative control reaction lacking the DNA was included. Table 2:  PCR reaction mix Components Required concentrations Volume ( µl) per reaction Biomix Red 2X 12.5 Primer (forward) chuA yjaA tspE4.c2 20pmol 20pmol 20pmol 1 1 1 Primer (reverse) chuA yjaA tspE4.c2 20pmol 20pmol 20pmol 1 1 1 DNA 2 Ultrapure sterile water 4.5 Total volume per reaction 25 Table 3: Conditions for PCR gene amplification Genes Primer sequence PCR condition chuA Forward 5’-GACGAACCAACGGTCAGGAT-3’ Reverse 5’-TGCCGCCAGTACCAAAGACA-3’ Initial denaturation: 94 °C for 4 mins Denaturation: 94 °C for 25 secs Annealing: 52 °C for 40 secs 30 cycles Extension: 72 °C for 50sec Final extension: 72 °C for 6 mins yjaA Forward 5’-TGAAGTGTCAGGAGACGCTG-3’ Reverse 5’-ATGGAGAATCGGTTCCTCAAC-3’ tspE4.c2 Forward 5’-GAGTAATGTCGGGGCATTCA-3’ Reverse 5’-CGCGCCAACAAAGTATTACG-3’ 2.3.3  Detection of by agarose gel electrophoresis After completion of the multiplex PCR, the amplification product were separated by dry electrophoresis system. 15 µl of amplified product was mixed with 5 µ 5X DNA loading buffer (Bioline) and loaded onto 2% agarose gel incorporated with SYBR green dye. After electrophoresis, the gel was visualised by exposing the gel under UV light and was photographed with a digital UV camera connected together with the visualisation unit (AlphaInnotech). The size of the amplicon were measured by visual comparison to the 1kb DNA marker (Bioline). Phylogenetic typing analysis were carried on the basis of the presence or absence of an amplicon sized 279bp, 211bp and 152bp which belong to chuaA, yjaA and tspE4.c2 genes respectively. 2.4.  Pulse- field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 2.4.1.  DNA extraction Each isolates was inoculated into 5ml Mueller Hinton Broth and incubated overnight at 37 ºC with gentle agitation. Cells were then harvested by placing 1ml of culture into 1.5ml microcentrifuge tube and was centrifuged at 13, 000 rpm for one minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the process was repeated until all the 5ml of culture finished. The supernatant was again discarded and pellet of cells was resuspended in 500 µl of 0.5M EDTA buffer (see appendix) and was centrifuged at 13, 000rpm for one minutes to removes broth debris that might be interfering with the extraction processes. The washing step was repeated twice to ensure complete removal of debris. The supernatant was discarded once again and pellet was resuspended in 500 µl of suspension buffer. 2.4.2.  Preparation of low melting point (LMP) agarose To prepare the LMP agarose, 3g of SeaKem PFGE agarose (BioRad) were dispensed into 100ml of TE buffer (see appendix) in a universal bottle. It were then heated to dissolve. Agarose was transferred to a 56 ºC waterbath until needed. 2.4.3.  Preparation of the bacterial plugs The wells of PFGE plug molds were numbered. 3 plugs was prepared for each isolates. Then, 750 µl of LMP agarose was added immediately into each cell- buffer suspension and carefully mixed by pipetting up and down several times and be careful not to induce any formation of bubbles. The mixture of cells and agarose was quickly pipetted into the well of a plastic PFGE plug molds (BioRad). The wells was filled to the rim and plugs were allowed to solidify at room temperature or chilled for 5 minutes in the refrigerator. 2.4.4.  Lysis of the cells The cells were lysed by adding a mixture of 1ml of proteolysis buffer with 10 µl of Proteinase K stock solution (50mg/ml) (see appendix) into a 1.5ml new labelled microcentrifuge tube. The plugs were removed from the plug molds by peeling the sealant tape below the wells until all tape was removed. The PFGE plastic arm was used to push the plugs out of the molds into the microcentrifuge containing the mix of proteolysis buffer-proteinase K solution. All plugs for one isolates were transferred into the same tubes. Care was taken while pushing the plugs out of the molds as not to tear the fragile plugs. Tubes was then incubated in a heating block at 50 ºC for 24 hours for digestion to take place. 2.4.5.  Washing of the plugs After completion of an overnight incubation, the proteolysis buffer and Proteinase K activity were eliminated by carefully pipetting out the volume, care taken not to tear the plugs. The plugs were then washed with TE buffer. The washing steps was repeated three times, for every half an hour and were held at room temperature to equilibrate the plugs. 2.4.6.  Restriction enzyme digestion After completion of the washing steps, wash buffer was removed in the final wash leaving only agarose gel in the tubes. Then, 300 µl of 1X restriction enzyme buffer specific to the enzyme used was pipetted in each tubes containing the agarose plugs and was let to equilibrate at room temperature for 10 minutes. The restriction buffer was then discarded, taking care not to tear the plugs. Next, 300 µl of restriction buffer containing 50U of Xbal enzyme was added into the tubes and was incubated in an incubator for 24 hours at 37 ºC specific to the optimal temperature for Xbal enzyme. 2.4.7.  Pulse- field gel electrophoresis 2.4.7.1.  Electrophoresis gel preparation. After incubation, restriction enzyme reaction was stopped by addition of 200 µl of 50mM EDTA. Plugs were cooled at 4 ºC until needed. Then, a (1%) agarose gel was prepared by heated to dissolved 3g of PFGE grade agarose (BioRad) into 300ml of 0.5X TBE buffer over magnetic hot plate with constant stirring or in the microwave and swirl to dissolved. The agarose was then poured into a casting tray that has been placed with PFGE comb and let to solidify at room temperature. The enzyme- buffer was aspirated and one plug of each isolates was loaded into the gel. Care was taken not to tear the plugs. Then, a thin slice high range and mid- range lambda molecular weight marker (New England Biolabs) was loaded into the wells next to each other. After all samples was loaded into wells, the wells were sealed with melted LMP agarose. 2.4.7.2.  Electrophoresis Run The electrophoresis was performed by using a CHEF mapper (BioRad) which subsequently was filled with approximately 3 liters of 0.5ml TBE buffer. The running buffer was let to cool approximately at 14 ºC before turning on the pump. The run time was set for 24 hours at 6 Vcm-1 with 120 º angle using switch time of 2.16 sec to 54.17 sec. 2.4.7.3.  Gel staining Once the run was complete, the gel was stained with 3X Gel red nucleic acid stain (Biotium) with approximately 200ml distilled water and was gently agitated on rotary shaker for 20 minutes. The gel was then visualised under UV transilluminator and a picture was taken once optimal image obtained.

Shakespeares King Lear - Goneril and Cordelia in King Lear Essay

The Characters of Goneril and Cordelia in King Lear Nothing makes a story like a good villain, or in this case, good villainess. They are the people we love to hate and yearn to watch burn. Goneril, of Shakespeare’s King Lear, is no exception. Her evils flamed from the very beginning of the play with her lack of sincerity in professing her love for her father: "Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter; Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty; Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare; No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour; As much as child e'er loved, or father found; A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable. Beyond all manner of so much I love you. (I.i. 56-62) One can just feel the insincerity and exaggeration in her words, perhaps even a touch of hatred that is bubbling like a volcano on the verge of explosion, which will wreak destruction on everyone and everything that gets in its path. Of course, Shakespeare does not disappoint. The volcano is actually a good analogy for this character, for she does exactly what is expected. Not only does her father feel her wrath, but also her own husband, the Duke of Albany, who she has killed; The Duke of Gloucester whose eyes get gauged out in her presence; her other sister, Regan, who she kills out of jealousy; and Goneril, herself, when she comes face to face with her true self. In regard to her role in the Elizabethan age, Goneril not only stood for evil, but also rebellion. She has rebelled against the accepted role for women by rebelling against both her father and husband. This reflects much of the theme of the play in that rebellion against accepted social order under mines that order, which leads to downfall and chaos. Ag... ...h the wicked prosper, and the virtuous miscarry . . . the audience will not always rise better pleased from the final triumph of persecuted virtue." What exactly was Cordelia's role in the play? Was she there as an angel - like character who made the distinction between good and evil more visible? Was she just thrown in as a little goody- goody who did no wrong, and maybe, to some degree, we were supposed to despise? Or was she there to make us more aware of a crumbling society where many things were opposite to what one might think it should be, with evil generally prevailing over the good (which to some degree is prophetic to today's society)? There are many theories surrounding this character in particular, and no one has reached a definitive conclusion as of late. The best one I can come up with, however, is simply the answer "Yes," to all of the above.

The Story of Cain and Abel(Summarized) Essay -- Essays Papers

The Story of Cain and Abel(Summarized) Generally, when believers in Christianity hear the word "Cain," they immediately think of "brother-slayer," "hell," and all sorts of evil. Who was Cain and what led him to be a "brother-slayer"? In my essay, I shall tell the tragic story of two brothers and how their brotherhood ends in utter destruction. This story shows how just one ounce of jealousy can cause cold-blooded murder. Cain was indeed the cause of his brother's brutal murder. The story of Cain comes from the Old Testament in the Bible. Adam's wife, Eve, becomes pregnant and has her first child, who is truly insincere, selfish, and later on, commits the ultimate taboo; he murders his own flesh and blood. This child's name is Cain. Some time later, she gives birth to another son, Abel, who, unlike Cain, is very genuine, selfless and who can never think of hurting someone, let alone murdering him. When the two children grow up, Cain is a farmer, and Abel is a shepherd. They are both asked by their parents to give offerings to the Lord whenever possible, but only without any expectation or selfish desire in return. It is not possible for Cain to be so selfless and kind. One day, Cain brings some of his leftover harvest as an offering to the Lord, whereas Abel brings one of his first lambs born to his sheep, kills it, and gives it to the Lord as a sacrificial offering. The Lord is very much pleased with Abel and rejects Cain's offerings, since the Lord knows that Cain ...

The Matrix Essay -- essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites It is easy to confuse the concepts of "virtual reality" and a "computerized model of reality (simulation)". The former is a self-contained Universe, replete with its "laws of physics" and "logic". It can bear resemblance to the real world or not. It can be consistent or not. It can interact with the real world or not. In short, it is an arbitrary environment. In contrast, a model of reality must have a direct and strong relationship to the world. It must obey the rules of physics and of logic. The absence of such a relationship renders it meaningless. A flight simulator is not much good in a world without aeroplanes or if it ignores the laws of nature. A technical analysis program is useless without a stock exchange or if its mathematically erroneous. Yet, the two concepts are often confused because they are both mediated by and reside on computers. The computer is a self-contained (though not closed) Universe. It incorporates the hardware, the data and the instructions for the manipulation of the data (software). It is, therefore, by definition, a virtual reality. It is versatile and can correlate its reality with the world outside. But it can also refrain from doing so. This is the ominous "what if" in artificial intelligence (AI). What if a computer were to refuse to correlate its internal (virtual) reality with the reality of its makers? What if it were to impose its own reality on us and make it the privileged one? In the visually tantalizing movie, "The Matrix", a breed of AI computers takes over the world. It harvests human embryos in laboratories called "fields". It then feeds them through grim looking tubes and keeps them immersed in gelatinous liquid in cocoons. This new "machine species" derives its energy needs from the electricity produced by the billions of human bodies thus preserved. A sophisticated, all-pervasive, computer program called "The Matrix" generates a "world" inhabited by the consciousness of the unfortunate human batteries. Ensconced in their shells, they see themselves walking, talking, working and making love. This is a tangible and olfactory phantasm masterfully created by the Matrix. Its ... ... people the same way that the Universe triggers a time sensation in us. Something does happen OUT THERE and it is called the Matrix. In this sense, the Matrix is real, it is the reality of these humans. It maintains the requirement of the first type of flow of data. But it fails the second test: people do not know that it exists or any of its attributes, nor do they affect it irreversibly. They do not change the Matrix. Paradoxically, the rebels do affect the Matrix (they almost destroy it). In doing so, they make it REAL. It is their REALITY because they KNOW it and they irreversibly CHANGE it. Applying this dual-track test, "virtual" reality IS a reality, albeit, at this stage, of a deterministic type. It affects our minds, we know that it exists and we affect it in return. Our choices and actions irreversibly alter the state of the system. This altered state, in turn, affects our minds. This interaction IS what we call "reality". With the advent of stochastic and quantum virtual reality generators - the distinction between "real" and "virtual" will fade. The Matrix thus is not impossible. But that it is possible - does not make it real.

Data set

A sample is a subset or portion of a population. Sample should represent the population with fewer but sufficient number of items. One Population can have several samples with different sizes. A small portion or part taken from something whether it's a particular race, inhabitants, data, or items to show or to be the representative of the whole. Its significance to statistics are fairly similar to its original meaning. It is a slice of all of its characteristics. In researching and gatherings info it would be costly and very impractical to work on the whole rather than just a sampling of the whole. A New York newspaper reported the average gasoline prices in four metropolitan areas and used a bar chart to illustrate the differences. What type of statistics was shown? What activities did the newspaper use to make the report? I believed that descriptive statistics are shown in this example. This is used to describe basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries ab out the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data.The statistics shown in this example were collecting data, margining the data, and presenting the data. This helps us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way by reducing large amounts of data. This is important to allow your data to be understood in a short period of time. 3. Research a management or marketing article/news/publication that writes about a topic founded on the use of statistics. Evaluate the information according to the following questions and directions. Determine whether the existing information is adequate or additional information is required to support the topic.In the article that I found the information is adequate and no additional Is the presentation of statistics misleading in the context of the topic? The article was to the point and the context was not misleading to the topic. Was statistics used only as numerical information or the framework for decision-making? The statistics were more of the frame work for decision making. By giving all the statistical data on preparing and strategy plan. Allowing the ability to utilize the statistical data. Ramekin, introduced to articulate discussions of sense-making, knowledge management and organizational learning, has much to offer discussion of statistical inference and decision analysis. I explore its value, particularly in its ability to help recognize which analytic and modeling methodologies are most likely to offer appropriate support in a given context. The framework also offers a further perspective on the relationship between scenario thinking and decision analysis in supporting decision makers. Was the information summarized in a useful and informative manner?The information was summarized in a useful and informative manner. It was well placed and gave more than enough information on the subject. We show that social scientists ofte n do not take full advantage of the information available in their statistical results and thus missed opportunities to present quantities that could shed the greatest light on their research questions. In this article we suggest an approach, built on the technique of statistical simulation, to extract the currently overlooked information and present it in a reader-friendly manner.More specifically, we show how to convert the raw results of any statistical procedure into expressions that conveys numerically precise estimates of the quantities of greatest substantive interest, and include reasonable measures of uncertainty about those estimates, and squired little specialized knowledge to understand. Analyze and draw your own observations/inferences/conclusions about the information presented based on information you have learned from this module. The statistical technique uses outlined below are very powerful analysis tools but they require a good statistical sample to be effective. These analysis techniques are not generally attempted on data sets with less than 20 wells. Statistically based water saturations give an interpretation of the apparent fluid content of a formation independent of Raw, ‘m' and volume of shale. An apparent total water saturation is derived as well as an apparent irreducible water saturation. This is a very powerful analysis tool but requires a good statistical sample of both wet and hydrocarbon bearing intervals to be most successful. This analysis is not generally attempted on data sets with less than 20 wells.PART II: CASE STUDY The topic that best catches my interest is E-Business and Wealth. Business conducted online is steadily growing as more companies are creating an online presence, while many new companies are popping up fully online. These e-businesses, like all business, must decide the best ways to generate wealth and value within their given parameters, namely the Internet, as opposed to physical dealings. And can i nvolve the ways that e-businesses generate wealth and value and how those ways differ from traditional businesses before the Internet boom.It can suggest whether or not e- businesses have any advantages or disadvantages and then suggest whether or not businesses without an Internet presence should make one. Surveying both large and small businesses from around the world will help this thesis earner an international, well-rounded perspective. Descriptive statistics aim to describe the prominent features within a collection of data quantitatively. It summarizes a collection of data as a description rather than using the data to learn about the field in which the data represents.Generally, descriptive statistics are always used, even when the main conclusions from the data's analysis are gained by use of inferential statistics. Inferential statistics is the given title of a process of gaining knowledge from a set of data that are subject to random change or variation. Such data sets wo uld render a descriptive statistic meaningless as the data changes in an unpredictable way. Therefore no knowledge would be gained about the subject that the data represents. The outcome to such a statistical method may be a prediction that can then be used to ensure practical action to be taken.I never before had really thought about statistics and really didn't know how important it was for businesses. Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that collects and organizes data to interpret and predict future behavior or results. Almost every business uses statistics, including insurance, consumer products, retail, heuristically and even the federal government. Statistics are important for a number of reasons and can be used for various purposes. Research can be used to make decisions for marketing or financial allocations or deciding whether to consolidate or close the business.Gathering and analyzing the data to reach concrete conclusions about the current and future condition s that your business will face is paramount. Critical decisions need to be based on research because of the impact these decisions have on other people and other businesses. The government uses statistics to measure ongoing economic indicators that greatly affect business and industry. Companies can use statistics to measure market share and market potential, the percent of the market they hold in dollars, and the total amount of dollars and units sold in their industries.Statistics are a core component of marketing research techniques. Companies use marketing research agencies to conduct quantitative research with consumers to evaluate new and existing products. Statistics help companies develop sales forecasts one, two and even five years into the future. Companies can then modify or improve their products, ire additional sales reps and put the necessary resources in place to meet these targets. Sales forecasting statistics are also a useful tool in business and marketing plan dev elopment.Statistics help companies develop sales forecasts one, two and even five years into the future. Companies can then modify or improve their products, hire additional sales reps and put the necessary resources in place to meet these targets. Most all Of mankind's endeavors have a random factor. Statistics is a way of putting numbers to that randomness. Business and research statistics is relevant to most areas of he business world. Statistics is important to business analysis in the fields of manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, retail and in many others.Statistics can point out relationships. A careful review of data can reveal links between two variables, such as specific sales offers and changes in revenue or dissatisfied customers and products purchased. Statistics provide the means to measure and control production processes to minimize variations, which lead to error or waste, and ensure consistency throughout the process. This saves money by reducing the materi als used to make or remake reduces, as well as materials lost to overage and scrap, plus the cost of honoring warranties due to shipping defective products.

Research Paper for Meyers Briggs Essay

According to the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, I am classified as an ESFJ forthcoming, Sensing, Feeling, and Judging. I scored 56% on extravert beingness outgoing, loud, non-secretive. I prefer to sense things alternatively than trusting my intuition by precisely 12%. I scored highest on the sentiment over thinking category with 62% towards feeling. There was only an 11% release between judging vs. perceiving. Guardians of birthdays, holidays and celebrations, ESFJs atomic number 18 handsome entertainers. They enjoy and joyfully observe traditions and are liberal in giving, especially where consumption prescribes. All else being equal, ESFJs enjoy being in charge. They see problems clearly and ascribe easily, work hard and play with zest. ESFJs, as do virtually SJs, bear fortified allegiance to rights of seniority. They partingly provide improvement (which embodies lifes meaning) and expect the comparable from former(a)s. (Joe Butt, Extraverted Sensing Feeling Judging). I first heard most the mental test about a year past when my sister had to take it for her work, so I had a decent guess of what my results would be, if I ever got the chance to take the test. I pegged myself pretty well. The only thing that very did surprise me though, were the numbers of how strong/ infirm I was in each field. after(prenominal) finishing the test, I reviewed the article about the most common flights for ESFJs. It states ESFJs often detect themselves in occupations that either involve a lot of direct fundamental interaction with other sight (e.g. clients, other staff members) or involve responsibility for critical chores (e.g. select thorough attention or may have secure consequences), or both (Career Choices For Your Life). Ever since I was little I have wanted to study creature in college.The description of an ESFJs rush is somewhat accurate to my dream career of being a zoologist. I will not have direct interaction with people as much as I will wi th animals. One of the responsibilities of a zoologist is to assess the dietary ineluctably of the animalsplanning what a tiger eats for dinner is a critical task that could very well have serious and even fatal consequences. The results of my test fuel my drive to master zoology end-to-end my college career. These types of tests are al shipway very arouse to me, I love skill cutting things about myself, and how I process study. The unite knowledge of the results of every testpersonality, learning style, etc.will help me to locomote more successful in life. Also, cognize how I learn and process information helps me understand that other people mightlearn other than than I do. Being able to hatch my learning and personality styles at much(prenominal) an early age will give me more time to learn ways to teach, understand, and work with others who have a contrastive style than I do. One of the most interesting things I learned by taking this test, was finding out the far-f amed people who were ESFJs likewise, I had no trace that Martin Luther King and Eleanor Roosevelt were ESFJs Knowing that these inspirational people understood things the same way that I do enlightens me to know that I too can be as life-sized of an inspiration as they were.Works CitedButt, Joe. Extraverted Sensing Feeling Judging. 16 October 2009. typelogic.com. Article. 7 marvelous 2013. Career Choices For You. n.d. www.humanmetrics.com. Article. 7 August 2013.

Character of Lady Macbeth Essay

Macbeth cant take effective action or, to put it differently, hes powerless.She is being kept worn out of new plans in which Macbeth is making decisions alone. Firstly, Lady Macbeth appears in Act 1 Scene 5. She is in her and Macbeth’s castle. She receives a letter from Macbeth logical and reads it.Macbeth isnt the only character who wants encouragement.â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou promised† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) We can see that Lady lady Macbeth is scared as she says that Macbeth is too kind and loyal to murder to become King. â€Å"Is too full o’ the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.† (Act 1 whole Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) Also, she talks about Macbeths strong sense of honour and how he’s logical not the type of man to lie or cheat. â€Å"Thou wouldst thou holily ; wouldst not play false.

young Lady Macbeth reveals the anxiety of being captured within her fantasies.â€Å"Hie thee hither that I may pour my high spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue† (Act1 Scene5 Lady Macbeth). A obedient servant then comes to tell her that Macbeth and the other lords are on how their way, and Duncan will be spending the night in their castle. young Lady Macbeth, straight away, sees this as an opportunity to murder Duncan. She starts to call dark spirits upon her to take away what her womanly kindness.For Macbeth, it becomes excessively simpler.â€Å"O, never shall sun that morrow see.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady lady Macbeth – Macbeth). She then tells Macbeth her plan to kill Duncan. part She tells Macbeth she will do all the planning.

Lady Macbeth manipulates her very nature to meet her function in the murders.All the lords, Macbeth, Duncan, his two sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, Banquo, Lennox, Macduff, Ross and Angus are all at Macbeth’s castle. Lady Macbeth arrives and greets Duncan. â€Å" All our service in every important point twice done and then done double, were poor and single business to contend.† (Act1 Scene6, young Lady Macbeth – Duncan).Lady Macbeth is extremely direct and intelligent.In this scene , lady Macbeth is seen as the perfect hostess. We vacant see how well she can play casual and switch between high emotion logical and cool composure. In Act 1 Scene 7, we see her talking with Macbeth, in the castle. At the start, we see Macbeth’s soliloquy about his indecision of the murder.

At the fresh start of the play, Lady Macbeth appeared to be a put girl.† (Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth – young Lady Macbeth).Lady Macbeth seems to be very unimpressed with what Macbeth has said. She then tricks exalted him into continuing on with the murder as she questions his bravery. â€Å" With thou esteems’t the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem.Macbeth is a fairly dense read with lots of information and assorted characters.Lady Macbeth busy waits in a chamber near Duncan’s bedroom. Macbeth goes off to murder Duncan. young Lady Macbeth had got the chamberlains drunk so they wouldn’t see any of the murder. Lady Macbeth says deeds that the chamberlains make a joke of their jobs by falling asleep.

Dunnetts Macbeth is much more practical.â€Å"My heavenly father as he slept, I have done’t- My husband!† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) lady Macbeth had brought the daggers back with him, the one he killed Duncan, Lady Macbeth new sees them and panics. â€Å" Why did you bring these daggers from the place?† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). Lady Macbeth has to bring them back to bring how them back to the chamber. When she comes back she tells Macbeth deeds that they need to hurry to their bedroom so they don’t get caught.It delivers no simple answers.â€Å" What’s the business, that such a hideous trumper.† (Act 1 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff). Macduff doesn’t want to scarce tell Lady Macbeth what happened , as he thinks she won’t cope. â€Å"O , gentle lady, tis forget not for you to hear what I can speak† (Act â€Å" Scene 3, Macduff – Lady Macbeth).

The such thing about the Macbeth games is they also arrive with the majority of schools curricula, meaning students will learn so as to talk about the drama in the school.Lady Macbeth is in the palace and is talking with a servant. She asks the servant if Banquo has left the castle. He tells her that valiant Banquo will be back in the evening.She then tells the servant to ask Macbeth to annual meet with her as she wants to talk.Love is the crux of the issue in an pre Shakespearean humor.After graduating, his friend died in an auto collision.

The woman looks enjoy the marble statue.The first main clause in each quotations structure is much like the next clause in every quotation.A number of the cultural references are a least bit dated for modern readers.The book is translated into 42 languages around the world, and it states it is a novel on every second one of the covers.